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De Francisco Sfortia eiusque origine et rebus gestis ac gloria
rei bellicae singulari.
Paucis post diebus Franciscus Mediolanensium dux affuit, belli
domique clarus. - Sfortias Attendolus pater eius fuit, apud
villam, cui Cotiniola nomen est in Emilia, tenui censu et
modicis parentibus ortus, qui paterna rura relinquens in
militiam profectus ad Brolium Brandolinum Foroliviensem,
egregium sui temporis copiarum ducem se contulit; at cum equis
armisque careret, sordida mulionis arte prima stipendia meruit,
et paulo post inter calones receptus cum egregiam in quodam
certamine navasset operam, equestri militia ornatus est. Erat
praestanti corpore vir, militari facundia praeditus, manu
promptus, praesenti animo atque ingenio versatili; qui cum
excelleret inter equites aetatis suae, multaque rei militaris
insignia edidisset facinora, Brolio mortuo non paucis copiis
praefectus est.
Prima eius incrementa apud marchionem Estensem fuerunt, cum
Ottonem Parmensem, clarum in armis ducem dolo captum apud
Riveriam interfecisset; de qua re celebre carmen extat, quod in
hanc usque diem vulgo cantatur. Militavit et in regno Siciliae
sub regina Iohanna adversus Alfonsum regem, Troiamque et alias
nonnullas civitates in Apulia tenuit. Martino quoque pontifici
maximo stipendia fecit vexillifer Ecclesiae declaratus. Sed dum
Braccium Perusinum, Romani pontificis ac reginae Iohanne hostem
persequitur, in flumine, quod Piscariam vocant, periclitanti
puero opem ferens submersus est; cadaver eius nusquam repertum.
Adolescens Franciscus, eius filius in castris agens magna indole
repertus mox paterni exercitus concordi militum voto
ducatum accepit. Ferunt ex concubina natum, saepe ab astronomis
et qui genetliaci vocantur, patri commendatum, quoniam dux
clarissimus evaderet, Sfortiamque saepe dicere solitum:
,,Franciscus, si vixerit, et virtutem et fortunam meam
superabit. Siquidem eorum iudicio, qui astrorum cursus
metiuntur, nativitatem eius tam benigna sidera invenerunt, ut
regnum ei et maxima quaeque portendant."
Occupaverat per id tempus Braccius Perusinus patriam suam,
Asisium; Tudertum multasque civitates Ecclesiae Romane ademerat,
et Aprutiorum caput, Aquilam magnis copiis obsessam tenebat,
brevique potiturus urbe et infestis signis Romam petiturus
ferebatur. Quod veritus Martinus pontifex conducto milite
obsessis opem ferendam censuit; dux copiarum Franciscus
designatus est, vix quatuor et viginti natus annos. Commisso
proelio diu Marte dubio pugnatum; ad extremum cum cedere suos
Braccius animadverteret, ex pugna dilapsus fuga salutem quaerere
conatus est; sed cognitus a suis civibus, qui patria eiecti
Ecclesiae militabant, ex fuga retractus ad Franciscum victorem
in castra relatus ex vulnere, quod fugiendo acceperat, mortem
obiit. Cadaver eius Romam vectum - ut ante diximus - apud
Sanctum Laurentium extra muros Urbis in agro cum bestiis
sepulturam obtinuit; quamvis paulo post defossum Eugenio
permittente in patriam fuerit translatum. Crevit hac victoria
mirum in modum Francisci nomen, qui a Philippo Mediolanensium
duce vocatus diu sibi adversus Venetos militavit, et Blancam,
eius filiam, ut sibi desponderetur, obtinuit; quam cum ducere
pro suo arbitrio non posset - nam Philippus id matrimonium in
dies suspendebat -, ab eo tandem defecit. Erant eo tempore
Fiorentini simul et Veneti foedere iuncti; Philippus utrunque
populum armis urgebat.
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Francesco Sforza, zijn afkomst, daden en buitengewone roem als
veldheer.
Enkele
dagen later verscheen Francesco, hertog van Milaan, vermaard in
oorlog en vrede.[1]
Zijn vader, Sforza Attendolo, was geboren in het plaatsje
Cotignola in Emilia als zoon van arme en bescheiden ouders.
Hij verliet de akkers van zijn vader om als soldaat zijn geluk
te beproeven en voegde zich bij Broglio[2]
(en) Brandolino van Forlì,[3]
destijds een uitstekend kapitein. Maar paarden en wapens had hij
niet en dus kwam hij de eerste jaren in het leger aan de kost
met het nederig beroep van muildierdrijver. Wat later werd hij
als schildknaap toegelaten en nadat hij zich in een veldslag had
onderscheiden, werd hij bevorderd tot de cavalerie. Hij
beschikte over een voortreffelijke lichamelijke conditie, was
slagvaardig en begiftigd met militaire welsprekendheid, had een
grote tegenwoordigheid van geest en een veelzijdig talent. Omdat
hij uitblonk onder de ruiters van zijn tijd en kon bogen op
talrijke militaire successen, kreeg hij na Broglio’s dood de
leiding over een aanzienlijk troepencontingent.
Zijn eerste
militaire prestatie verrichtte hij bij de markies van Este, toen
hij de beroemde legerleider Ottoboni van Parma door een list
gevangen had genomen en gedood bij Rubiera.[4]
Daarover bestaat een beroemd lied, dat nu nog vaak wordt
gezongen. Verder voerde hij een militaire campagne onder
koningin Giovanna van het koninkrijk Sicilië[5]
tegen koning Alfonso en nam Troia en verschillende andere steden
in Apulië. Ook verleende hij zijn diensten aan paus Martinus,
die hem de titel Gonfaloniere verleende.[6]
Maar tijdens de achtervolging van Braccio van Perugia,[7]
een vijand van de paus en van koningin Giovanna, verdronk hij in
de rivier de Pescara bij een poging om een jongen van de dood te
redden. Zijn lichaam is nooit teruggevonden.[8]
Zijn zoon
Francesco, die zijn jaren als jongeman in het legerkamp had
doorgebracht en blijk had gegeven van groot talent, kreeg
volgens de unanieme wens van de soldaten weldra de leiding over
het leger van zijn vader. Hij zou de zoon van een concubine zijn
en dikwijls door astrologen en zogenaamde horoscooptrekkers zijn
aanbevolen bij zijn vader, want er zou een befaamd veldheer in
hem steken. Sforza heeft, naar verluidt, dikwijls opgemerkt:
“Als Francesco blijf leven, zal hij mijn kwaliteiten en geluk
overtreffen, tenminste wanneer zij, die de loop van de sterren
meten, het bij het rechte eind hebben met hun oordeel dat de
constellaties bij zijn geboorte zo gunstig stonden, dat het
koningschap en het allerhoogste voor hem in het verschiet
liggen.”
In
diezelfde tijd had Braccio van Perugia zijn vaderstad Assisië in
bezit genomen, Todi en veel andere steden aan de Kerk van Rome
ontnomen en met een groot leger het beleg geslagen rond Aquila,
hoofdstad van de Abruzzi; het gerucht ging dat hij op het punt
stond de stad in te nemen en zou oprukken naar Rome. Hiervoor
beducht had paus Martinus troepen aangeworven en besloten om de
belegerden hulp te bieden. Als bevelhebber werd Francesco
aangewezen, die toen nauwelijks vierentwintig jaar oud was. De
strijd bleef lang onbeslist, maar toen Braccio merkte dat zijn
manschappen op het laatst terugweken, glipte hij weg uit het
gevecht en probeerde door te vluchten zijn leven te redden. Hij
werd echter herkend door zijn eigen medeburgers, die uit hun
vaderland waren verdreven en nu voor de Kerk vochten; zij grepen
hem vast en namen hem mee naar het kamp van de zegevierende
Francesco, waar hij bezweek aan de verwonding die hij tijdens
zijn vlucht had opgelopen. Zijn lijk werd naar Rome gebracht,
zoals wij eerder vermeld hebben, en werd op een veld samen met
beesten begraven bij San Lorenzo buiten de muren. Later evenwel
werd hij met toestemming van Eugenius opgegraven en naar zijn
vaderstad overgebracht. Door deze overwinning groeide
Francesco’s roem tot grote hoogte. Filippo, hertog van Milaan,
nam hem in dienst en hij voerde lange tijd oorlog tegen de
Venetianen. Hij werd verloofd met Filippo’s dochter Bianca; toen
hij haar echter niet mocht huwen op het moment dat hij dat
wenste – want Filippo stelde het huwelijk steeds maar uit – liet
Francesco hem tenslotte in de steek. In die tijd waren de
Venetianen en de Florentijnen bondgenoten en Filippo voerde
tegen beide tegelijk oorlog.
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A Successful
Condottiere |
|
From Enea Silvio Piccolomini. De Viris
Illustribus.
As
reproduced in Renaissance and Reformation
1300-1648, trans. G.R. Elton, ed. G.R.
Elton (New York: The Macmillan
Company, 1968), 91-93. |
On the death of his father, Francesco Sforza,
son of the elder Sforza and certainly assisted
with money by Filippo [Maria Visconti], the
young duke of Milan, assembled his troops.
Determined to talk them round, he had his mother
bring along the books in which nearly all the
soldiers were recorded as owing considerable
debts to his father, and then addressed them
thus: "Fellow soldiers, you know my father is
dead; you owed a good deal to him, but I am his
heir and what you owed to my father you now owe
to me. However, I now free you from money debts
and every bond by which you were bound to my
father. You are therefore free, and it is up to
you whom you want to serve. If you want to stay
with me, I shall gladly take you into my
service. I shall not fear to entrust my life to
those who guarded my father's; but as for my
fortune I trust entirely to you and shall follow
the leadership of men like you who have long
served honorably under my father." Seduced by
this speech and liberality, the troops shouted
that they would suffer no man to be their
general except him for whose father they had
girded on the sword; by public acclamation he
was put in command of the army and took from it
an oath of renewed service. After this Francesco
served Pope Martin. He was sent against Braccio
and won a victory at Aquila, holding his
father's possessions in the kingdom of Naples
... until King Alphonso deprived him of them
during his conquest of that realm. Francesco
then moved off into Lombardy where Duke Filippo
did him great honor, bestowed on him the title
of his house and the arms of the Visconti, and
also promised him the hand of his only and
illegitimate daughter Bianca, a hope of which he
later often disappointed him. Francesco
performed a good many famous deeds of arms in
Lombardy. He carried Filippo's banners against
the duke of Savoy and routed the Savoyards; he
expelled the marquess of Montferrat, who had an
understanding with Venice, from his dominions;
in many places he covered himself with military
glory. There was much rivalry between him and Niccolò Piccinino;
although Niccolò was
[Milanese] commander-in-chief, Francesco, as the
prince's prospective son-in-law, did not think
himself inferior. The old hatred between the
families of Sforza and Braccio was not yet dead;
Sforzeschi and Bracceschi still existed, and
Francesco led the former, Niccolò ... the
latter. Francesco was more popular in Lombardy
than Niccolò who was reckoned a Tuscan, while
Francesco, coming from the Romagna, was thought
half-Lombard. Also the prospect of the
succession attracted popular favour to
Francesco. After this, when Francesco was sent
into the March against Pope Eugenius IV to
occupy the province in the name of the [General]
Council, he published his political claims; for
he had left the duke in no state of amity, even
saying that if he had lost an eye in Milan he
would not go back for it. There was much discord
between him and Niccolò, but it never came to
war. He left the duke with all his forces and
joined the Venetians and Florentines from whom
he received a very large annual subsidy. He was
made standard-bearer of the Church; afterwards
created also Venetian generalissimo, he did not
disdain to threated war against Filippo. Piccinino was therefore called from [the
province of] Toscia, and both sides prepared
large forces; everywhere the land was
devastated. In the end, while they were
preparing for war, the duke of Milan, about to
incur the suspicions of Venice, sought to treat
for peace and chose Francesco to arbitrate in
their differences. Perhaps he did not expect
Venice to accept this; and he promised him his
daughter, now of marriageable age, with the city
of Cremona for dowry. Venice, however, in view
of Francesco's [dubious] loyalty to them, at the
same time accepted Florence and Genoa as
arbitrators, which was not done without loss to
the duke since he was deprived of a large part
of his dominions. Francesco accepted both wife
and Cremona where he celebrated his marriage to
Bianca, and now began to enjoy respect with the
princes of Italy, though it was not his prowess
but his wife's birth which made him respectable.
Next he moved to the March, where, engaged with
the king of Aragon, he alternately lost and won;
he lost his brother with many men after a
rebellion; however, he is still a power in the
March. During a spell in the neighborhood of Bologna he
was practised upon, for Baldassare Aufidio, the
commander of Bologna and general to the pope,
tried to capture him by a ruse and called upon Niccolò Piccinino for help.
So far from coming
in on this, Piccinino warned Francesco. Thus
that deplorable character Aufidio fell into the
trap he had set; captured in Butrino he was
killed. |
Zie
http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter7/source199.html
[2]
Ceccolo Broglio signore d'Assisi ?
[4]
voor dit verhaal over Ottoboni zie
http://trionfi.com/0/d/02/t.html
: “1409:
Ottoboni was killed the 27th of May 1409 by Muzio
Attendola (also called Sforza Cotignola), the father of
Francesco Sforza, personally, at that time general of
the Marquis Niccolo d'Este, the story (here shortened
and translated) of this is given by Klaus Schelle, "Die
Sforza" :
<< Muzio Attendola was active
together with Condottieri Tartaglia (normal name: Angelo
Lavello) against Pisa and was successful in 1406, Pisa
became then part of the Florentian state (very important
for the Florentian trade on sea). With his 250 horses
(which indicates at that time a condottieri of minor
importance) he then was hired by Niccolo, especially
against Ottobuono Terzo, who must be regarded as a
despot of rather worse dimensions. In November 1408 a
cousin of Muzio, Michele Attendola, was captured with
some men by Terzo, tortured and imprisoned under very
bad conditions - contradicting with this behaviour the
common conditions between mercenaries of the time. A few monthes later it was possible for the prisoners to
escape. In 1409 it was arranged to talk about peace, the
delegations approached each other without weapons -
under them also Ottobuono Terzo and at the other side
Muzio and Michele Attendola, the latter both filled with
rather bad feelings against Terzo. Muzio had full
armour, pretending, that he never was without it. His
horse started to jump, running from one side to the
other, and seemed obviously out of control, when Sforza
suddenly appeared beneath Terzo with a drawn sword in
his hand, raming the steel in the body of the despot.
Michele with a knife was immediately above Terzo, doing
the rest of the bloody work, and a hidden troop of
soldiers arrived from the background attacking with
success the rest of Terzo's delegation. The corpse of Terzo was taken to Modena, where emigrants of Parma and
Reggio, which had in the past suffered enough by Ottobuono, tore up the corpse with their teeth.
Francesco Sforza (* 1401) was from that
time on educated at the court of the d'Este till 1412.
He must have known Niccolo d'Este well (perhaps in the
role of a second father) and also Leonello (*1407) as a
child.
>>
[5]
Over Giovanna etc. zie
http://www.fva.is/~harpa/comenius/it_dangelo.html
[6]
Gonfaloniere=vexillifer=vaandeldrager
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