Francesco Sforza (Comm. III, 15)

 

De Francisco Sfortia eiusque origine et rebus gestis ac gloria rei bellicae singulari.

Paucis post diebus Franciscus Mediolanensium dux affuit, belli domique clarus. - Sfortias Attendolus pater eius fuit, apud villam, cui Cotiniola nomen est in Emilia, tenui censu et modicis parentibus ortus, qui paterna rura relinquens in militiam profectus ad Brolium Brandolinum Foroliviensem, egregium sui temporis copiarum ducem se contulit; at cum equis armisque careret, sordida mulionis arte prima stipendia meruit, et paulo post inter calones receptus cum egregiam in quodam certamine navasset operam, equestri militia ornatus est. Erat praestanti corpore vir, militari facundia praeditus, manu promptus, praesenti animo atque ingenio versatili; qui cum excelleret inter equites aetatis suae, multaque rei militaris insignia edidisset facinora, Brolio mortuo non paucis copiis praefectus est.

Prima eius incrementa apud marchionem Estensem fuerunt, cum Ottonem Parmensem, clarum in armis ducem dolo captum apud Riveriam interfecisset; de qua re celebre carmen extat, quod in hanc usque diem vulgo cantatur. Militavit et in regno Siciliae sub regina Iohanna adversus Alfonsum regem, Troiamque et alias nonnullas civitates in Apulia tenuit. Martino quoque pontifici maximo stipendia fecit vexillifer Ecclesiae declaratus. Sed dum Braccium Perusinum, Romani pontificis ac reginae Iohanne hostem persequitur, in flumine, quod Piscariam vocant, periclitanti puero opem ferens submersus est; cadaver eius nusquam repertum.

Adolescens Franciscus, eius filius in castris agens magna indole repertus mox paterni exercitus concordi militum voto ducatum accepit. Ferunt ex concubina natum, saepe ab astronomis et qui genetliaci vocantur, patri commendatum, quoniam dux clarissimus evaderet, Sfortiamque saepe dicere solitum: ,,Franciscus, si vixerit, et virtutem et fortunam meam superabit. Siquidem eorum iudicio, qui astrorum cursus metiuntur, nativitatem eius tam benigna sidera invenerunt, ut regnum ei et maxima quaeque portendant."

Occupaverat per id tempus Braccius Perusinus patriam suam, Asisium; Tudertum multasque civitates Ecclesiae Romane ademerat, et Aprutiorum caput, Aquilam magnis copiis obsessam tenebat, brevique potiturus urbe et infestis signis Romam petiturus ferebatur. Quod veritus Martinus pontifex conducto milite obsessis opem ferendam censuit; dux copiarum Franciscus designatus est, vix quatuor et viginti natus annos. Commisso proelio diu Marte dubio pugnatum; ad extremum cum cedere suos Braccius animadverteret, ex pugna dilapsus fuga salutem quaerere conatus est; sed cognitus a suis civibus, qui patria eiecti Ecclesiae militabant, ex fuga retractus ad Franciscum victorem in castra relatus ex vulnere, quod fugiendo acceperat, mortem obiit. Cadaver eius Romam vectum - ut ante diximus - apud Sanctum Laurentium extra muros Urbis in agro cum bestiis sepulturam obtinuit; quamvis paulo post defossum Eugenio permittente in patriam fuerit translatum. Crevit hac victoria mirum in modum Francisci nomen, qui a Philippo Mediolanensium duce vocatus diu sibi adversus Venetos militavit, et Blancam, eius filiam, ut sibi desponderetur, obtinuit; quam cum ducere pro suo arbitrio non posset - nam Philippus id matrimonium in dies suspendebat -, ab eo tandem defecit. Erant eo tempore Fiorentini simul et Veneti foedere iuncti; Philippus utrunque populum armis urgebat.

 

Francesco Sforza, zijn afkomst, daden en buitengewone roem als veldheer.

Enkele dagen later verscheen Francesco, hertog van Milaan, vermaard in oorlog en vrede.[1] Zijn vader, Sforza Attendolo, was geboren in het plaatsje Cotignola in Emilia als zoon van arme en bescheiden ouders. Hij verliet de akkers van zijn vader om als soldaat zijn geluk te beproeven en voegde zich bij Broglio[2] (en) Brandolino van Forlì,[3] destijds een uitstekend kapitein. Maar paarden en wapens had hij niet en dus kwam hij de eerste jaren in het leger aan de kost met het nederig beroep van muildierdrijver. Wat later werd hij als schildknaap toegelaten en nadat hij zich in een veldslag had onderscheiden, werd hij bevorderd tot de cavalerie. Hij beschikte over een voortreffelijke lichamelijke conditie, was slagvaardig en begiftigd met militaire welsprekendheid, had een grote tegenwoordigheid van geest en een veelzijdig talent. Omdat hij uitblonk onder de ruiters van zijn tijd en kon bogen op talrijke militaire successen, kreeg hij na Broglio’s dood de leiding over een aanzienlijk troepencontingent.

Zijn eerste militaire prestatie verrichtte hij bij de markies van Este, toen hij de beroemde legerleider Ottoboni van Parma door een list gevangen had genomen en gedood bij Rubiera.[4] Daarover bestaat een beroemd lied, dat nu nog vaak wordt gezongen. Verder voerde hij een militaire campagne onder koningin Giovanna van het koninkrijk Sicilië[5] tegen koning Alfonso en nam Troia en verschillende andere steden in Apulië. Ook verleende hij zijn diensten aan paus Martinus, die hem de titel Gonfaloniere verleende.[6] Maar tijdens de achtervolging van Braccio van Perugia,[7] een vijand van de paus en van koningin Giovanna, verdronk hij in de rivier de Pescara bij een poging om een jongen van de dood te redden. Zijn lichaam is nooit teruggevonden.[8]

Zijn zoon Francesco, die zijn jaren als jongeman in het legerkamp had doorgebracht en blijk had gegeven van groot talent, kreeg volgens de unanieme wens van de soldaten weldra de leiding over het leger van zijn vader. Hij zou de zoon van een concubine zijn en dikwijls door astrologen en zogenaamde horoscooptrekkers zijn aanbevolen bij zijn vader, want er zou een befaamd veldheer in hem steken. Sforza heeft, naar verluidt, dikwijls opgemerkt: “Als Francesco blijf leven, zal hij mijn kwaliteiten en geluk overtreffen, tenminste wanneer zij, die de loop van de sterren meten, het bij het rechte eind hebben met hun oordeel dat de constellaties bij zijn geboorte zo gunstig stonden, dat het koningschap en het allerhoogste voor hem in het verschiet liggen.”

In diezelfde tijd had Braccio van Perugia zijn vaderstad Assisië in bezit genomen, Todi en veel andere steden aan de Kerk van Rome ontnomen en met een groot leger het beleg geslagen rond Aquila, hoofdstad van de Abruzzi; het gerucht ging dat hij op het punt stond de stad in te nemen en zou oprukken naar Rome. Hiervoor beducht had paus Martinus troepen aangeworven en besloten om de belegerden hulp te bieden. Als bevelhebber werd Francesco aangewezen, die toen nauwelijks vierentwintig jaar oud was. De strijd bleef lang onbeslist, maar toen Braccio merkte dat zijn manschappen op het laatst terugweken, glipte hij weg uit het gevecht en probeerde door te vluchten zijn leven te redden. Hij werd echter herkend door zijn eigen medeburgers, die uit hun vaderland waren verdreven en nu voor de Kerk vochten; zij grepen hem vast en namen hem mee naar het kamp van de zegevierende Francesco, waar hij bezweek aan de verwonding die hij tijdens zijn vlucht had opgelopen. Zijn lijk werd naar Rome gebracht, zoals wij eerder vermeld hebben, en werd op een veld samen met beesten begraven bij San Lorenzo buiten de muren. Later evenwel werd hij met toestemming van Eugenius opgegraven en naar zijn vaderstad overgebracht. Door deze overwinning groeide Francesco’s roem tot grote hoogte. Filippo, hertog van Milaan, nam hem in dienst en hij voerde lange tijd oorlog tegen de Venetianen. Hij werd verloofd met Filippo’s dochter Bianca; toen hij haar echter niet mocht huwen op het moment dat hij dat wenste – want Filippo stelde het huwelijk steeds maar uit – liet Francesco hem tenslotte in de steek. In die tijd waren de Venetianen en de Florentijnen bondgenoten en Filippo voerde tegen beide tegelijk oorlog.


[1]  Voor Francesco Sforza zie http://www.melegnano.net/rif0015.htm

en http://www.asn-ibk.ac.at/bildung/faecher/geschichte/maike/
monalisa/g_eng/054.htm

en uit De Viris Illustribus van e. S. Piccolomini:

A Successful Condottiere

From Enea Silvio Piccolomini. De Viris Illustribus
As reproduced in Renaissance and Reformation 1300-1648
trans. G.R. Elton, ed. G.R. Elton (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968), 91-93.

On the death of his father, Francesco Sforza, son of the elder Sforza and certainly
assisted with money by Filippo [Maria Visconti], the young duke of Milan,
assembled his troops. Determined to talk them round, he had his mother
bring along the books in which nearly all the soldiers were recorded
as owing considerable debts to his father, and then addressed them thus:
"Fellow soldiers, you know my father is dead; you owed a good deal to him,
but I am his heir and what you owed to my father you now owe to me.
However, I now free you from money debts and every bond by which you were bound to my father.
You are therefore free, and it is up to you whom you want to serve.
 If you want to stay with me, I shall gladly take you into my service.
I shall not fear to entrust my life to those who guarded my father's;
but as for my fortune I trust entirely to you and shall follow the leadership
of men like you who have long served honorably under my father."
Seduced by this speech and liberality, the troops shouted that they would suffer
no man to be their general except him for whose father they had girded on the sword;
by public acclamation he was put in command of the army and took
from it an oath of renewed service. After this Francesco served Pope Martin.
He was sent against Braccio and won a victory at Aquila, holding
his father's possessions in the kingdom of Naples ... until King Alphonso
deprived him of them during his conquest of that realm. Francesco
then moved off into Lombardy where Duke Filippo did him great honor,
bestowed on him the title of his house and the arms of the Visconti,
and also promised him the hand of his only and illegitimate daughter Bianca,
a hope of which he later often disappointed him.
Francesco performed a good many famous deeds of arms in Lombardy.
He carried Filippo's banners against the duke of Savoy and routed the Savoyards;
he expelled the marquess of Montferrat, who had an understanding with Venice,
from his dominions; in many places he covered himself with military glory.
There was much rivalry between him and Niccolò Piccinino;
although Niccolò was [Milanese] commander-in-chief, Francesco,
as the prince's prospective son-in-law, did not think himself inferior.
The old hatred between the families of Sforza and Braccio was not yet dead;
Sforzeschi and Bracceschi still existed, and Francesco led the former, Niccolò ... the latter.
Francesco was more popular in Lombardy than Niccolò who was reckoned a Tuscan,
while Francesco, coming from the Romagna, was thought half-Lombard.
Also the prospect of the succession attracted popular favour to Francesco.
After this, when Francesco was sent into the March against Pope Eugenius IV
to occupy the province in the name of the [General] Council, he published his political claims;
for he had left the duke in no state of amity, even saying that if he had lost an eye in Milan
he would not go back for it. There was much discord between him and Niccolò,
but it never came to war. He left the duke with all his forces and joined the Venetians
and Florentines from whom he received a very large annual subsidy.
He was made standard-bearer of the Church; afterwards created also Venetian generalissimo,
he did not disdain to threated war against Filippo.
Piccinino was therefore called from [the province of] Toscia,
and both sides prepared large forces; everywhere the land was devastated. In the end,
while they were preparing for war, the duke of Milan, about to incur the suspicions of Venice,
sought to treat for peace and chose Francesco to arbitrate in their differences.
Perhaps he did not expect Venice to accept this; and he promised him his daughter,
now of marriageable age, with the city of Cremona for dowry. Venice, however,
in view of Francesco's [dubious] loyalty to them, at the same time accepted
Florence and Genoa as arbitrators, which was not done without loss to the duke
since he was deprived of a large part of his dominions. Francesco accepted
both wife and Cremona where he celebrated his marriage to Bianca,
and now began to enjoy respect with the princes of Italy, though it was not his prowess
but his wife's birth which made him respectable.
Next he moved to the March, where, engaged with the king of Aragon,
he alternately lost and won; he lost his brother with many men after a rebellion;
however, he is still a power in the March.
During a spell in the neighborhood of Bologna he was practised upon,
for Baldassare Aufidio, the commander of Bologna and general to the pope,
tried to capture him by a ruse and called upon Niccolò Piccinino for help.
So far from coming in on this, Piccinino warned Francesco.
Thus that deplorable character Aufidio fell into the trap he had set;
captured in Butrino he was killed.

Zie http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter7/source199.html

[2] Ceccolo Broglio signore d'Assisi ?

[4] voor dit verhaal over Ottoboni zie http://trionfi.com/0/d/02/t.html :
1409: Ottoboni was killed the 27th of May 1409 by Muzio Attendola (also called Sforza Cotignola),
the father of Francesco Sforza, personally, at that time general of the Marquis Niccolo d'Este,
the story (here shortened and translated) of this is given by Klaus Schelle, "Die Sforza" :

<<
Muzio Attendola was active together with Condottieri Tartaglia (normal name: Angelo Lavello)
against Pisa and was successful in 1406, Pisa became then part of the Florentian state
(very important for the Florentian trade on sea).
With his 250 horses (which indicates at that time a condottieri of minor importance)
he then was hired by Niccolo, especially against Ottobuono Terzo, who must be regarded
as a despot of rather worse dimensions. In November 1408 a cousin of Muzio, Michele Attendola,
was captured with some men by Terzo, tortured and imprisoned
under very bad conditions - contradicting with this behaviour the common conditions
between mercenaries of the time. A few monthes later it was possible for the prisoners to escape.
In 1409 it was arranged to talk about peace, the delegations approached
each other without weapons - under them also Ottobuono Terzo
and at the other side Muzio and Michele Attendola, the latter both filled with rather bad feelings against Terzo.
Muzio had full armour, pretending, that he never was without it.
His horse started to jump, running from one side to the other, and seemed obviously out of control,
when Sforza suddenly appeared beneath Terzo with a drawn sword in his hand,
raming the steel in the body of the despot. Michele with a knife was immediately above Terzo,
doing the rest of the bloody work, and a hidden troop of soldiers arrived from the background
attacking with success the rest of Terzo's delegation.
The corpse of Terzo was taken to Modena, where emigrants of Parma and Reggio,
which had in the past suffered enough by Ottobuono, tore up the corpse with their teeth.

Francesco Sforza (* 1401) was from that time on educated at the court of the d'Este till 1412.
He must have known Niccolo d'Este well (perhaps in the role of a second father)
and also Leonello (*1407) as a child.
>>

[5] Over Giovanna etc. zie http://www.fva.is/~harpa/comenius/it_dangelo.html

[6] Gonfaloniere=vexillifer=vaandeldrager

 

 

 
 


 

 
     

 

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