Smart card Nederlandse Spoorwegen

In 1992 Nederlandse Spoorwegen (NS, Netherlands Railways) start a test with a smart card. This smart card is a replacement for the paper train tickets. NS receives a grant for the test from the ministry of Ecomical Affairs.

Employees of NS test the electronic tickets and gates at stations in Utrecht, Maarssen and Tiel. The test is succesfull. NS announces in 1993 that the smart card will be in use by 1998.